Research Library

Gastric-derived pentadecapeptide with extensive preclinical evidence for tissue repair, angiogenesis via eNOS/NO signalling, and gut protection. Meta-analysis of 18 rodent studies found 42% reduction in ligament healing time and 31–47% improvement in tensile strength. Human trials emerging.

Synthetic analogue of the Thymosin Beta-4 actin-sequestering peptide. Investigated for angiogenesis promotion, inflammation modulation, and multi-tissue repair across cardiac, neural, and musculoskeletal systems. Often stacked with BPC-157 for synergistic recovery protocols.

C-terminal tripeptide of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) comprising Lys-Pro-Val. Studied for anti-inflammatory and gut-protective activity via intracellular entry through the PepT1 transporter, enabling direct NF-κB pathway modulation independent of melanocortin receptor binding. Investigated for inflammatory bowel disease, mucosal healing, and nanoparticle drug delivery. Science Advances 2024 confirmed efficacy in a colitis prodrug nanoparticle model.

Highly conserved 28-amino acid thymic peptide (thymalfasin; brand: Zadaxin) with regulatory approval in over 35 countries for hepatitis B and as a vaccine enhancer in immunocompromised patients. Acts via TLR2 and TLR9 on dendritic cells to drive T-cell maturation, IFN-γ and IL-2 secretion, and NK cell activation. Extensively studied in oncology, viral infectious disease, sepsis, and post-COVID immune restoration.

GLP-1 receptor agonist with FDA approval for T2D and obesity. Phase 3 OASIS 4 demonstrated significant weight loss with oral 25mg. UK-based research includes real-world programme data from Second Nature London and nutrition guidance from Cambridge and UCL.

Dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist. First head-to-head SURMOUNT-5 NEJM trial confirmed superior weight loss versus semaglutide. Oxford and Keele University post-hoc analysis showed greater 10-year cardiovascular risk reduction. Three-year SURMOUNT-1 follow-up confirmed sustained results and reduced diabetes progression.

First-in-class triple hormone receptor agonist demonstrating up to 24.2% weight reduction at 48 weeks in Phase 2. Phase 3 TRANSCEND and TRIUMPH programmes underway, with TRIUMPH-4 delivering average 71.2 lbs weight loss alongside substantial osteoarthritis pain relief.

Small molecule inhibitor of Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase. Inhibition elevates intracellular SAM and NAD+ levels, suppressing adipogenesis and increasing metabolic rate without CNS stimulation. Preclinical studies demonstrate prevention of diet-induced obesity.

Synthetic hexadecapeptide fragment of human growth hormone (hGH 176–191). Studied for selective lipolysis and inhibition of lipogenesis via the beta-3 adrenergic receptor pathway, without stimulating IGF-1 or inducing insulin resistance. Advanced through Phase I and Phase II METAOD human trials; FDA GRAS nutraceutical status granted 2014.

FDA accelerated approval granted September 2025 as FORZINITY for Barth syndrome. Selectively targets cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilising cristae structure and enhancing ATP production. Ongoing trials for heart failure, acute kidney injury, and age-related sarcopenia.

Mitochondria-derived peptide encoded in the 12S rRNA gene. Activates AMPK pathways, improves glucose homeostasis, and demonstrates exercise-mimetic properties in preclinical models. Studied for metabolic regulation, insulin sensitivity, and age-related metabolic decline.

Essential coenzyme in cellular energy metabolism and key substrate for sirtuins and PARPs. Declining NAD+ is implicated in aging and metabolic decline. Studied for DNA repair activation, mitochondrial biogenesis, muscle atrophy prevention, and longevity pathway modulation via SIRT1/NAMPT.

Synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly; AEDG) derived from the pineal gland polypeptide Epithalamin. Studied for telomerase activation, telomere length extension, melatonin regulation, and pineal function restoration. 2025 research in Biogerontology demonstrated telomere elongation in normal human fibroblast and epithelial cells via telomerase upregulation and ALT pathway activation.

Endogenous tripeptide (γ-Glu-Cys-Gly) and the body's primary intracellular antioxidant. The GSH/GSSG ratio is a validated redox stress biomarker. Studied for detoxification, mitochondrial protection, immune modulation, neuroprotection, and hepatic function. Declining GSH is implicated in aging, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic dysfunction.

First developed in 2017 at Erasmus University Medical Center. FOXO4-DRI (Forkhead Box O4 D-Retro-Inverso) is a synthetic senolytic peptide designed to selectively trigger apoptosis in senescent (\"zombie\") cells — the damaged, non-dividing cells that accumulate with age and drive chronic inflammation. It works by disrupting the interaction between the FOXO4 protein and p53, a mechanism that senescent cells rely on to resist programmed cell death; freeing p53 allows these specific cells to self-destruct while leaving healthy cells largely unaffected. Its D-retro-inverso structure (a mirror-image, reversed amino acid sequence) makes it resistant to normal enzymatic breakdown. This is a genuinely newer area of research than some of our other profiles — all published data to date is preclinical (animal and cell-culture models), with no human clinical trials completed as of 2026. As with all early-stage research compounds, we welcome feedback and additional citations from fellow researchers as the science develops.

Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide (DSIP) is a nine-amino-acid neuropeptide first isolated from rabbit cerebral venous blood in 1977 by Swiss researchers Schoenenberger and Monnier, named for its ability to enhance delta-wave (slow-wave) EEG activity in early animal experiments. Unlike most research peptides, DSIP occupies an unusual scientific position: nearly five decades on, no gene or dedicated receptor has been identified for it, and the research community remains genuinely divided on whether it functions primarily as a sleep factor or a broader stress-and-neuroendocrine modulator. This is an honest area of ongoing scientific debate rather than settled science. Regulatory note: on July 24, 2026, the FDA\'s Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee voted against recommending DSIP (listed as \"Emideltide\") for inclusion on the 503A compounding Bulks List for proposed insomnia and opioid-withdrawal uses — a non-binding advisory recommendation, with the FDA\'s own final ruling still pending. For a candid clinical overview, see Dr. Joseph B. Beavers, MD\'s writeup.

Selective growth hormone releasing peptide with high GH specificity and minimal cortisol and prolactin stimulation. Commonly stacked with CJC-1295 for sustained IGF-1 elevation. Studied for body composition, recovery, and GH pulse amplification.

Modified GHRH analogue with Drug Affinity Complex technology enabling sustained GH and IGF-1 elevation for up to 6–8 days per injection. Phase 1 human trials confirmed dose-dependent GH increases of 2–10-fold and IGF-1 elevation of 1.5–3-fold lasting 9–11 days from a single dose.

Modified GRF 1-29 — the core 29-amino acid GHRH analogue with four amino acid substitutions conferring resistance to DPP-IV cleavage. Produces a shorter, more physiological GH pulse. Commonly stacked with Ipamorelin for synergistic pituitary stimulation via complementary receptor pathways.

Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Long Arg3 (IGF-1 LR3) is a synthetic, long-acting analog of native IGF-1 studied for its role in muscle hypertrophy, satellite cell activation, and tissue repair. Foundational gene-therapy research at the University of Pennsylvania (1998) first showed IGF-1 overexpression could reverse age-related muscle function loss in animal models, with University of Missouri follow-up work through the 2000s establishing the underlying satellite cell signaling pathway. For a clinical practitioner\'s perspective, see Dr. Dwayne Jackson\'s research breakdown on YouTube.

Tesamorelin is a synthetic analog of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH), the only FDA-approved peptide specifically indicated for reducing visceral fat, approved in 2010 under the brand name Egrifta for HIV-associated lipodystrophy. Rather than supplying growth hormone directly, it stimulates the pituitary gland to release its own growth hormone in a natural, pulsatile pattern, which in turn raises IGF-1 levels and preferentially targets visceral (organ-surrounding) fat over subcutaneous fat. The evidence base spans two decades of placebo-controlled trials, from early dose-ranging studies through large multicenter Phase 3 programs. For a clinician\'s perspective, see Dr. Jesse Morse, MD\'s peptide deep-dive.

First characterized in 2023 at Saint Louis University School of Medicine (building on earlier medicinal chemistry work from 2020). Important note: SLU-PP-332 is not actually a peptide — it is a synthetic small-molecule benzohydrazide compound, commonly grouped alongside peptides in the research-compound space but structurally distinct. It is a pan-agonist of the Estrogen-Related Receptor (ERR) family — orphan nuclear receptors (ERRα, ERRβ, ERRγ) that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid oxidation, the same pathways activated by aerobic exercise. It has drawn significant research interest as a pharmacological \"exercise mimetic\" — in mouse studies, a single dose increased treadmill running capacity by up to 70% in previously sedentary animals with no training involved. This is genuinely early-stage research: all published data to date is from animal and cell-culture models, with no human clinical trials as of 2026. As with all early-stage research compounds, we welcome feedback and additional citations from fellow researchers as the science develops.

Naturally occurring tripeptide that declines with age. Double-blind RCT demonstrated 55.8% reduction in wrinkle volume versus control. Studied for collagen and elastin synthesis, wound healing, anti-inflammatory activity, angiogenesis, and emerging evidence for cognitive resilience in aging models.

Synthetic cyclic melanocortin peptide (bremelanotide) targeting MC3R and MC4R in the central nervous system. FDA-approved as Vyleesi (2019) for HSDD in premenopausal women. Acts centrally on arousal and motivation pathways rather than peripherally on vascular tone, distinguishing it from PDE5 inhibitors. Phase 2 combination trials in PDE5i non-responders showed positive results in 2024.

Synthetic cyclic heptapeptide analogue of α-MSH with high-affinity binding to MC1R, MC3R, MC4R, and MC5R. Studied for melanogenesis, eumelanin synthesis, photoprotection modelling, energy homeostasis via MC4R, and broad melanocortin receptor pharmacology. Non-selective receptor profile and CNS penetration make it a wide-spectrum research tool for the endogenous melanocortin system.

Synthetic heptapeptide (Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro) derived from the ACTH(4–10) fragment. Developed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics, Moscow; registered in Russia since 1996 for stroke and cognitive disorders. Studied for BDNF/TrkB upregulation, dopaminergic and serotonergic modulation, ischaemic neuroprotection, and broad gene expression regulation across hundreds of neuronal survival and plasticity genes.

Synthetic heptapeptide (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro) and stable analogue of the immunopeptide tuftsin. Studied for anxiolytic activity comparable to low-dose benzodiazepines without sedation, tolerance, or dependence. Modulates GABAergic, serotonergic, and enkephalinergic systems; upregulates BDNF in hippocampal tissue. Also investigated for immunomodulatory effects and T-cell cytokine regulation.

Synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Arg; EDR) originally isolated from Cortexin. Proposed to interact directly with neuronal chromatin and modulate gene expression — upregulating BDNF, NGF, GDNF, antioxidant enzymes, and mitochondrial biogenesis factors — rather than acting via cell surface receptors. Studied for neuroprotection in hypoxia, reduction of neuronal apoptosis, and cognitive improvement in aged populations.

Synthetic peptidomimetic derived from angiotensin IV, developed at Washington State University and proposed to allosterically potentiate Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) binding at the c-Met receptor to drive synaptogenesis and dendritic spine formation. Note: two of the three foundational mechanistic papers underpinning the original HGF/c-Met binding claim received a 2021 Expression of Concern and a 2025 retraction following a Washington State University data-integrity investigation. An independent 2021 replication supports cognitive-enhancing effects in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model via a separate PI3K/AKT pathway, but the original HGF-binding mechanism specifically should be treated with caution.

Low-molecular-weight peptide fragment mixture derived from porcine brain tissue via controlled enzymatic hydrolysis, formulated to mimic endogenous neurotrophic factors including Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), and Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF). Note: Cerebrolysin is a multi-peptide complex rather than a single defined peptide. Approved in several European and Asian countries for stroke, traumatic brain injury, and dementia; not FDA-approved in the United States.